Abstract
Electrochemical soft actuators based on polypyrrole films electrodeposited in p-phenolsulfonic (PPS) acid have been studied as the function of various supporting electrolytes and load stress. The films keep the high electrochemical activity in the wide pH range of 4<pH<10. The film is found to expand by the ratio of 3% and to be primarily driven by the insertion of bulky ions, regardless of oxidation and reduction. The contraction force of the films has been found to be more than 5MPa with the contraction ratio of 1.2%.
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