Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 samples were collected at a roadside monitoring station in Kanazawa, Japan, in every season from 2017 to 2018. Nine PAHs and five NPAHs were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and chemiluminescence detection, respectively. The mean concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer. Fluoranthene and pyrene were the dominant PAHs and 1-nitropyrene was the dominant NPAH in all seasons, and these compounds were mainly emitted by diesel vehicles. The concentration ratio of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) to benzo(ghi)perylene (BgPe) ((BaP)/(BgPe)) and of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IDP) to the sum of IDP and benzo(ghi)perylene (BgPe) ((IDP)/((IDP)+(BgPe0) might still be useful indicators for identifying traffic emission sources today. Moreover, our results showed that the carcinogenic risk in all seasons was below the acceptable limit set by the WHO.
Highlights
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a well-known atmospheric pollutant and greatly influences air quality and human health [1,2]
The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and NPAHs were much lower than those in our previous study at another monitoring station in Fujie, Kanazawa [19], suggesting that air quality may have improved in recent years
PM2.5 -bound PAHs and NPAHs were sampled at a roadside air pollution monitoring station along the Yamashina 2-chome crossroad of the Yamagawa loop road
Summary
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a well-known atmospheric pollutant and greatly influences air quality and human health [1,2]. PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) is considered more harmful because it can be enriched in toxic components and respirable particulates that can penetrate deeply into the lungs [3]. PM2.5 can contain a variety of substances, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are organic compounds composed of multiple aromatic rings [4]. PAHs pose health risks due to their potential toxicity, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Several nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), such as 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), exhibit higher toxicity than their parent. PAHs due to their direct mutagenicity [5]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
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