Characteristics of Metal and Ceramic Total Hip Bearing Surfaces and Their Effect on Long-Term Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Wear

Abstract

The micromechanics of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear in total hip replacement are very complex. Polyethylene wear from the metal head and debris formation are two common types of wear. There are additional wear-related processes occurring at the metal-bearing surfaces that are not well-known, however. This study outlines these processes, including (1) surface wettability changes, (2) oxidative wear of metal surfaces, (3) microabrasion of metal surfaces from oxide film damage, and (4) surface abrasion from three-body polymethylmethacrylate and bone debris. These processes can contribute to metal ion release and a gradual increase in the roughness of the metal surfaces. This can lead to increased long-term UHMWPE wear. Of the metal alloys currently used in total hip replacements, Co-Cr-Mo alloy is significantly more resistant to roughening processes. Hard, stable, oxide: ceramic surfaces articulating against UHMWPE are essentially immune to these surface-roughening processes, however. In addition, they provide a more wettable surface, further minimizing polyethylene wear relative to metal surfaces. By analyzing metal release rates from metal-polyethylene wear tests, it is shown here that Co-Cr-Mo is gradually removed at a rate of about 0.1 micron per year (10(6) cycles), whereas 316L stainless steel is removed on the order of 0.2 microns per year and Ti-6Al-4V on the order of 1 micron per year. The wear rate of Co-Cr-Mo articulating against itself is reported to be still greater, at about 2-4 microns per year after an initial wear-in period. Because metal is gradually removed with articulation time, surface-hardening methods such as nitrogen ion implantation can be expected to provide only temporary resistance to these metal removal and surface-roughening processes. Hard, stable ceramic surfaces such as Al2O3 and ZrO2, however, can be expected to maintain their initial surface finish and thus minimize UHMWPE wear in the long term.