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Abstract
Abstract. The effectiveness of aerosols as immersion freezing nuclei at the South Pole station was investigated during January and February 2009 using the FRIDGE-TAU. The analysis consisted of testing the freezing temperature of about 100–130 drops per sample containing aerosols collected at ground level and on a balloon lifted to different heights. All the drops froze between −18 °C and −27 °C. The temperature in which 50 % of the drops froze occurred at −24 °C, while nuclei concentration of 1 L−1 at −23 °C was calculated. Meteorological conditions such as wind speed, ice precipitation as well as the trajectories of the air masses affected the ice nuclei concentrations. Higher concentrations were observed on days when the winds were stronger or when the air mass originated from the sea.
Highlights
The objective of this paper is to report on ice nuclei measurements in a remote pristine region of Antarctica such as the South Pole station
The freezing occurred at warmer temperatures as compared to water drops taken from pure water
The average temperature in which 50 % of the drops froze occurred at −24 ◦C, much warmer than reported by Junge and Swanson (2008) where near homogeneous freezing temperatures were observed for specific bacterial isolates
Summary
Much attention has been given to condensation nuclei (CN) characteristics in the Antarctic continent (Saxena, 1983; Gras et al, 1985; DeFelice, 1996; DeFelice et al, 1997), yet the characteristics of ice-forming nuclei, their origin, composition and concentrations have only seldom been studied (Bird et al, 1961; Bigg and Hopwood, 1963; Kumai, 1976; Saxena and Weintraub, 1988; Junge and Swanson, 2008). Some reported on ice nuclei concentrations by counting the number of supercooled drops that froze in a free-falling freezing tube (Junge and Swanson, 2008). All the above mentioned methods analyzed the effectiveness of the aerosols as immersion freezing or as condensationfreezing nuclei
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