Characteristics of hypertension and arterial stiffness in obstructive sleep apnea: A Scandinavian experience from a prospective study of 6408 normotensive and hypertensive patients.

Abstract

The impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on arterial stiffness is less studied. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and covariates of increased pulse pressure (PP), a surrogate marker of arterial stiffness, in the entire study population as well as in separate analyses in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Further, we also explored the impact of smoking on brachial BP in hypertensive patients. Between 2012 and 2019, a total of 6408 participants with suspected OSA underwent a standard out‐of‐center respiratory polygraphy. OSA was defined by an apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15/h regardless of symptoms. PP ≥60 mmHg was used as a surrogate marker of increased arterial stiffness. Mean age was 49.3±13.7 years, 69.4% were male, and 34.5% had OSA. The prevalence of hypertension was 70.8% in OSA and 46.7% in No‐OSA (AHI < 15/h) controls (P < .0001). Hypertension was controlled (clinic BP < 140/90 mmHg) in 45.5% and uncontrolled in 54.5% (P < .001). Mean PP was 50±12 mmHg in smokers and 52±12 mmHg in non‐smokers (P = .001). Increased PP was found in 24.2% of the entire study population and was higher in patients with OSA compared to No‐OSA group (27.5% vs 22.4%, P < .0001). In an unadjusted logistic regression model, OSA was associated with a 1.3‐fold higher risk of having increased PP (95% CI 1.16‐1.48, P < .001). In a multivariable‐adjusted model, higher age, male sex, and history of hypertension, but not OSA (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.77‐1.02, P = .104) were associated with increased PP. In this large study of nearly 6500 participants who were referred with suspected OSA, one‐third were diagnosed with OSA and a quarter had increased arterial stiffness by elevated brachial PP. Hypertension but not OSA per se was associated with increased arterial stiffness. Hypertension was highly prevalent and poorly controlled.