Characteristics of hydrate-bound gas retrieved at the Kedr mud volcano (southern Lake Baikal)

Akihiro Hachikubo,Alexandr Chenskiy,Andrey Manakov,Alexey Krylov,Andrey Khabuev,Satoshi Yamashita,Gennadiy Kalmychkov,Marc De Batist,Jeffrey Poort,Hirotsugu Minami,Oleg Khlystov

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71410-2

Abstract

We reported the characteristics of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons in lake-bottom sediments at the Kedr mud volcano in Lake Baikal. Twenty hydrate-bearing sediment cores were retrieved, and methane-stable isotopes of hydrate-bound gases (δ13C and δ2H of − 47.8‰ to − 44.0‰ V-PDB and − 280.5‰ to − 272.8‰ V-SMOW, respectively) indicated their thermogenic origin accompanied with secondary microbial methane. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the crystals and molecular composition of the hydrate-bound gases suggested that structure II crystals showed a high concentration of ethane (around 14% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons), whereas structure I crystals showed a relatively low concentration of ethane (2–5% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons). These different crystallographic structures comprised complicated layers in the sub-lacustrine sediment, suggesting that the gas hydrates partly dissociate, concentrate ethane and form structure II crystals. We concluded that a high concentration of thermogenic ethane primarily controls the crystallographic structure of gas hydrates and that propane, iso-butane (2-methylpropane) and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) are encaged into crystals in the re-crystallisation process.

Highlights

IntroductionPowder X-ray diffraction patterns of the crystals and molecular composition of the hydrate-bound gases suggested that structure II crystals showed a high concentration of ethane (around 14% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons), whereas structure I crystals showed a relatively low concentration of ethane (2–5% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons)
We reported the characteristics of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons in lake-bottom sediments at the Kedr mud volcano in Lake Baikal
Sassen et al.[8] studied the gas hydrates retrieved at the Gulf of Mexico and found that they are high in C2, C3 and butane (C4) but exclude isopentane (i-C5, 2-methylbutane), because the crystal structure II cannot encage such large guest molecules

Summary

Introduction

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the crystals and molecular composition of the hydrate-bound gases suggested that structure II crystals showed a high concentration of ethane (around 14% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons), whereas structure I crystals showed a relatively low concentration of ethane (2–5% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons) These different crystallographic structures comprised complicated layers in the sub-lacustrine sediment, suggesting that the gas hydrates partly dissociate, concentrate ethane and form structure II crystals. We concluded that a high concentration of thermogenic ethane primarily controls the crystallographic structure of gas hydrates and that propane, iso-butane (2-methylpropane) and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) are encaged into crystals in the re-crystallisation process. Sassen et al.[8] studied the gas hydrates retrieved at the Gulf of Mexico and found that they are high in C2, C3 and butane (C4) but exclude isopentane (i-C5, 2-methylbutane), because the crystal structure II (sII) cannot encage such large guest molecules. Because C2 is prone to be encaged in the hydrate phase rather than C1, C2 can be concentrated into the hydrate during the re-crystallisation process with C 2-rich sII forming[18]

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Conclusion