Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication of a new hybrid pigment made from 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone (alizarin) on a mixed oxide host (aluminum-magnesium hydroxycarbonate, LH). Various tools were applied to better understand the interactions between the organic (alizarin) and inorganic (LH) components, including ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS), 27-Aluminm solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TOF-SIMS showed that modification of the LH had been successful and revealed the presence of characteristic ions C14H7O4Mg+ and C14H6O5Al−, suggesting interactions between the organic chromophore and both metal ions present in the mixed oxide host. Interactions were also observed between Al3+ ions and Alizarin molecules in 27Al NMR spectra, with a chemical shift detected in the case of the modified LH matrix. Any changes in color following reactions with Mg2+ and Al3+ ions were observed. Some of the physicochemical properties of alizarin, such as resistance to dissolution and color stability at elevated temperatures, were improved in comparison to the pure dye. This effect can be attributed to strong dye-LH interactions and the effective transformation of alizarin into an insoluble form. Moreover, the pigments exhibited higher thermal resistance and greater color stability in comparison to commercially available alizarin lakes (Alizarin Crimson).
Highlights
Natural and synthetic dyes are used in a wide range of applications, including in the optics, cosmetics, and food packaging industries [1,2]
From a chemical point of view, alizarin belongs to the anthraquinone class of dyes, with condensed aromatic rings, two carbonyls, and two hydroxyl groups
The TOF-SIMS technique was employed to investigate the interactions between the matrix and the alizarin molecules
Summary
Natural and synthetic dyes are used in a wide range of applications, including in the optics, cosmetics, and food packaging industries [1,2] Their uses are limited by both their high solubility and low chemical, thermal, and photo resistance. Numerous methodologies are available for studying the interactions of organic chromophores with the metal ions present in inorganic carriers, including infrared (IR) [10,11] and. Interactions between the alumina and the organic chromophore were found to determine the color and hue of the pigment. Ghannam et al [22] synthesized sensitive colored hybrid inorganic/organic pigments based on polymer-coated mica particles. A common method for investigating interactions between organic chromophores and Al ions, 27 Al solid state magnetic nuclear resonance, was used to confirm the formation of an alizarin-Al complex. The physical and chemical properties of the new alizarin lake were compared to those of a commercially available alizarin-based lake pigment (Alizarin Crimson)
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