Abstract
Extreme hot temperature is dangerous to the bioeconomy, and would worsen with time. Ambient heatwaves accompanied by unusual droughts are major threats to poverty eradication in Tanzania. Due to sparsity of observation data and proper heatwave detection metrics, there has been a paucity of knowledge about heatwave events in Tanzania. In this study, the Heatwave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId) was adopted to quantitatively analyze heatwave characteristics throughout Tanzania at mid-21st century (2041–2070) and end of 21st century (2071–2100), relative to the reference period (1983–2012) using the CHIRTS-daily quasi-global high-resolution temperature dataset and climate simulations from a multi-modal ensemble of median scenarios (RCP4.5, from CORDEX-Africa). The results showed that moderate to super-extreme heatwaves occurred in Tanzania between 1983 and 2012, particularly in 1999, when ultra-extreme heatwaves (HWMId > 32) occurred in the Lake Victoria basin. It is projected that by mid-21st century, the upper category of HWMId would be hotter and longer, and would occur routinely in Tanzania. The spatial extent of all of the HWMId categories is projected to range from 34% to 73% by the end of the 21st century with a duration of 8 to 35 days, compared to 1 to 5 days during the reference period. These findings will contribute to increasing public awareness of the need for adaptation.
Highlights
Global climate change is modifying hazard levels and exacerbating disaster risks [1,2]
The Heatwave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId) was able to identify the heatwaves in Dar es Salaam, which have been widely reported by the general public and several qualitative studies [45,47]
The severity of the heatwaves in Dar es Salaam are lower than the HWMId recorded for other parts of the country in other years
Summary
Global climate change is modifying hazard levels and exacerbating disaster risks [1,2]. From 1951 to 2012, global temperatures rose at a rate of 0.12 ◦C per decade, resulting in more severe extreme events such as droughts, floods and heatwaves [3]. Previous studies established that, depending on the location, a shift in mean temperature led to a non-linear change in the frequency, intensity and scale of destructive heatwaves globally [4,5,6,7]. Heatwaves are classified as the most dangerous natural hazard in Australia, accounting for over 55% of all weather-related deaths [10]. India and many other parts of Asia have experienced destructive heatwave events in recent decades [16,17,18,19,20,21]
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