Abstract
Elastic waves obtained from transducers are widely used to monitor the strength and integrity of cementitious materials. A pair of bender elements (BEs) and piezo disk elements (PDEs) embedded in a cuboid mould are applied to monitor elastic waves passing through a cementitious material known as a flowable fill at early age. The flowable fills used in this study are mixed with calcium sulfoaluminate cement, sand, silt, fly ash, water, and an accelerator. Compressional and shear waves acquired from the PDEs and BEs, respectively, are observed for up to 72 hrs. Results show that the compressional and shear wave velocities increased with curing time. The sensors can be used effectively to monitor the hardening characteristics of flowable fills at early age, and the BEs are particularly suitable for evaluating the hardening conditions of flowable fills as a result of the wide variation in shear wave velocities.
Highlights
Soil compaction is used for backfill and road construction
The remaining bender elements (BEs) or piezo disk elements (PDEs) received the elastic waves propagated into the flowable fill specimen and converted them to electrical signals
In this study, embedded elastic wave transducers were used to monitor continuously the characteristics of a flowable fill mixed with Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement, sand, silt, fly ash, water, and an accelerator at early age for 72 hrs
Summary
Soil compaction is used for backfill and road construction. the soil compaction method is unsuitable for construction in urban areas because it is accompanied by vibration and noise [1, 2]. Flowable fills, which are high flowable cementitious materials, can be effectively used for narrow trenches in which the backfill soil cannot be adequately compacted. One testing method to evaluate the early age strength of cementitious materials is the penetration resistance test [4]. The penetration test has difficulty providing continuously monitored data because flowable fill specimens can be deformed and damaged during the tests. Ultrasonic testing methods are widely used to evaluate the characteristics of hardened cementitious materials without any damage to specimens [5, 6]. The characteristics of elastic waves propagating a flowable fill specimen are evaluated using embedded transducers, piezo disk elements (PDEs), and bender elements (BEs) to reduce the damage to specimens and to monitor them continuously during hardening ages
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