Characteristics of Biocalcium Powders from Pre-Cooked Tongol (Thunnus tonggol) and Yellowfin (Thunnus albacores) Tuna Bones

Abstract

Characteristics of biocalcium powder from pre-cooked tongol tuna bone (BTG) and yellowfin tuna bone (BYF) were investigated, in comparison with their calcined bone powder named CTG and CYF, respectively. Average calcium (40.3%) and phosphorus (19.19%) contents of CTG and CYF were higher than those of BTG and BYF (Ca: 26.74%, P: 12.72%). Nevertheless, similar mole Ca/P ratio (1.62–1.63) was observed among all samples. Mean particle size of all samples was approximately 14 μm. Both CTG and CYF powders exhibited the interconnected granular structure. BTG had higher b*- value than BYF (p < 0.05). Generally, CTG and CYF had lower b*-values with slightly higher L*-values than both BTG and BYF (p < 0.05). X-ray diffraction results indicated the presence of hydroxyapatite in all samples, in which their crystallinities were increased from 54% to 90% after calcination. Hydroxyproline and protein were detected in both biocalcium powders, but were not detectable in calcined bone powders. The abundance of volatile compounds was noticeably lower in BYF, compared to BTG. Negligible volatiles were detected in both calcined bone powders. Based on a simulated gastrointestinal tract study, both BTG and BYF had higher soluble calcium content than calcium carbonate and their corresponding calcined bone powders, indicating the higher availability for absorption.