Abstract
The intensification of Typhoon Lekima (2019) is simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting model to study the atmospheric horizontal kinetic energy (HKE) spectra and corresponding spectral HKE budgets under the control of real tropical cyclone (TC). The results show that the TC has the ability to modify the canonical atmospheric energy spectrum during its evolution, which is dominated by its rotational mode. With the intensification of Lekima, the HKE spectrum in the troposphere swells over the central mesoscale and develops an arc-like shape. The stronger the TC, the more pronounced the arc-like shape is and the smaller scale it extends to. The roles various physical processes play at different heights and horizontal scales during the intensification of Lekima are investigated and the dependence of the effect of physical processes on scale and height is revealed. Meanwhile, the potential relationship between the intensification of TC, the activation of energy activity at smaller scales, and the downscale extension of the arc-like spectral shape is found.
Highlights
For the past few decades, despite large improvement in the track forecast of tropical cyclone (TC), there is almost no substantial improvement in the intensity forecast for all lead times [1]
One reason why TC intensity is so poorly predicted lies in that, compared to track, which is more dependent on the environmental conditions, TC intensity can be more strongly dependent on internal dynamics and moist convection, which occur on smaller scales, and are more chaotic, less well understood, and intrinsically less predictable [3]
The intensification of Typhoon Lekima is simulated for the purpose of investigating the evolution and characteristics of horizontal kinetic energy (HKE) spectra and diagnosing the corresponding spectral HKE
Summary
For the past few decades, despite large improvement in the track forecast of tropical cyclone (TC), there is almost no substantial improvement in the intensity forecast for all lead times [1]. They studied the distribution of mesoscale HKE spectrum and corresponding spectral budget as a function of kh at different vertical heights during the intensification and mature stage of TC, and revealed the specific roles of various physical processes, such as energy cascade, buoyancy effect, convection, and vertical propagation of inertia–gravity waves (IGWs). They found that unlike the canonical atmospheric spectrum, the HKE spectrum in their simulation displays an arc-like shape at the mesoscale in the troposphere.
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