Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate (i) the characteristics of ammonia gas emissions from soybean cultivation soils amended with varying levels of urea and soil water, and (ii) the rate of reduction in ammonia emissions that could be obtained by applying mixed microorganisms (MM) to the urea-treated soils. The ammonia gas emissions from all treatments except the control were highest on day 2 of a laboratory-scale experiment and decreased gradually thereafter. The ammonia gas emissions from the soils increased with increasing urea and soil water contents. However, there were less emissions from soils treated with MM than those from the urea only treatment, and emissions also decreased significantly as the concentration of MM increased. In a field-scale experiment, the total cumulative emissions of ammonia from soil treated with a combination of chemical fertilizers and MM was reduced to 85.8% of that from the soil treated with chemical fertilizers only. Although we infer that MM can be used as an agent to reduce ammonia gas emissions from actual soils used for soybean cultivation, our knowledge of the processes involved in reducing ammonia emissions using microbial treatment is still limited. Consequently, further studies are required to investigate the efficient control of ammonia gas emissions from agricultural soils through the application of microorganisms.
Highlights
Over the last several decades, air pollution from rapid industrialization and urbanization has emerged as one of the largest environmental issues facing humanity in the 21st century
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is classified according to particle size as PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 includes particles of < 10 μm, which can penetrate the lungs via the respiratory tract and be transported within the body in blood vessels, thereby having a potentially adverse effect on health [4, 5]. PM2.5 includes finer particles, < 2.5 μm in size, that have a relatively larger surface area in comparison to P M10
The aims of this study are (i) to investigate the characteristics of ammonia emission from soybean cultivation soils amended with varying levels of urea and soil water, and (ii) to evaluate the efficiency of a mixed microbial agent for the reduction of gaseous ammonia emissions from the urea-treated soils
Summary
Over the last several decades, air pollution from rapid industrialization and urbanization has emerged as one of the largest environmental issues facing humanity in the 21st century. Air pollutants consist of a complex combination of gaseous and particulate matter (PM) such as dust, aerosols, and Atmospheric PM is classified according to particle size as PM10 and PM2.5. PM2.5 is divided into (i) primary PM2.5 that is emitted directly (e.g., dust from construction sites, roadsides, thermal power plants, and wood burning), and (ii) secondary PM2.5 (~ 72% of the total PM2.5 emitted) produced via the chemical reactions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides in the air [7, 8]. These oxides are generated during the process of combustion with ammonia in the atmosphere [9, 10]
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