Abstract
ABSTRACTAtmospheric mercury is a global concern due to its ability of long-range transport. In order to understand the characteristics and sources of speciated mercury in the East China Sea region, a coastal monitoring site was established on Chongming Island in Shanghai, China. Total gaseous mercury (TGM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate-bound mercury (PHg) were monitored during 2009–2012. The overall average TGM, RGM and PHg concentrations were 2.65 ± 1.73 ng m–3, 8.0 ± 8.8 pg m–3 and 21.5 ± 25.4 pg m–3, respectively. TGM has a sharp increase at 5:00 in the morning and reaches peak at about 8:00, which is probably caused by the downward mixing of enhanced TGM aloft originated from regional sources. Wind roses suggest that urban Shanghai area has a considerable contribution to TGM in Chongming. Repartitioning of reactive mercury from particles to the air under the influence of air temperature could be one major source of RGM. Four heavy mercury pollution episodes were selected for source analysis. Mercury pollution in the summer event is mainly from the southwest direction with high ∆TGM/∆CO ratio and has the most influence on the North China Plain (NCP) region. The winter event is mainly under the influence of industrial pollution from the NCP region. The autumn event is contributed by both industrial pollution and biomass burning in North and Northeast China exhibiting a lower slope of ∆PHg/∆TGM. Springtime Asian long-range transport (ALRT) is crucial to the mercury background of North America. However, in the spring event identified in this study the mercury outflow from low altitude through East China mostly ascended to high altitude during the transpacific airmass transport. This provides an important incentive for future studies to focus on the way of mercury outflow from East Asia.
Highlights
Mercury (Hg) is of crucial concern to public health and the global environment for its neurotoxicity, long-range transport, and bioaccumulation
Total gaseous mercury (TGM) has a sharp increase at 5:00 in the morning and reaches peak at about 8:00, which is probably caused by the downward mixing of enhanced TGM aloft originated from regional sources
We have identified four heavy TGM pollution episodes in summer (2010/7/29 3:00–2010/8/1 22:00), autumn (2010/10/29 18:00–2010/11/2 11:00), winter (2011/1/11 13:00–2011/1/12 8:00), and spring (2012/3/5 4:00–2012/3/7 4:00), respectively
Summary
Mercury (Hg) is of crucial concern to public health and the global environment for its neurotoxicity, long-range transport, and bioaccumulation. Atmospheric Hg exists in three operationally defined forms: gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulatebound mercury (PHg). GEM and RGM together are known as total gaseous mercury (TGM). GEM originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and has a long residence time of 0.5–1 year (Driscoll et al, 2013); RGM and PHg are from both primary sources and secondary formation and easy to be scavenged by wet and dry deposition due to high surface reactivity and water solubility (Schroeder and Munthe, 1998). The three Hg forms have mutual transformation.
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