Abstract
In this study, singular vectors related to a heavy rainfall case over the Korean Peninsula were calculated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) adjoint modeling system. Tangent linear and adjoint models include moist physical processes, and a moist basic state and a moist total energy norm were used for the singular-vector calculations. The characteristics and nonlinear growth of the first singular vector were analyzed, focusing on the relationship between the basic state and the singular vector.
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