Characteristics and emerging patterns of forest conflicts in Europe - What can they tell us?

Abstract

As a result of increasing demand for forest products and expanding bioeconomy uses, the relevance of forest conflicts is increasing in Europe. This study explores the distribution and occurrence of forest conflicts and their main characteristics across European countries. Conflicts usually arise when some party's interests are not considered or are not aware of the other party's measures affecting their use of the forest. A total of 84 conflicts are identified and analysed based on academic literature from the period 1999–2020, and each case is further characterised by its location, type of conflict, intensity and involved stakeholders. The location patterns show that forest conflicts mainly occur in and around urban areas, and often include urban forestry and forest conservation. Forest conflicts are mainly restrained (i.e., low-intensity) characterised by disagreements or disputes. However, several low-intensity conflicts escalate into open conflicts, of which typical actions are protests, blockades, and court actions. A minority of conflicts (N = 6) involve violent attacks, which in some cases resulted in physical exchange and death. The analysis of the conflicts' most common features results in three emerging patterns: conflict over forest protection, over development in forest areas and over recreation. Information about parties involved, forest conflict profiles, and concerns about stakeholders' involvement in planning and decision-making is often present. Effective communication, transparency of the planning process and involvement of all stakeholders are essential actions to prevent harmful high-intensity forest conflicts.