Abstract
The characteristics and causes of the persistent precipitation of an extreme-rainfall tropical cyclone (TC), In-Fa, in 2021 are studied. It is shown that the extremity of In-Fa’s precipitation was mainly due to two aspects: massively accumulated quantity and an extremely long impact time. The heavy precipitation in Zhejiang resulted from the accumulation of very long but moderate precipitation, while that in Jiangsu resulted from the coaction of both long duration and strong intensity. The weak steering flow brought about by the large scale environment and the long continuation of the TC’s circulation were the two most important background conditions for the extremely long duration of heavy rainfall in Zhejiang and Jiangsu. Continuous energy input through the transportation of warmer and wetter air resulted in the persistence of In-Fa’s circulation. The terrain effect under the continuous northeasterly/northerly airflow caused by the slow movement of the TC was the major influencing factor for the extreme precipitation in Zhejiang. The convergence brought about by the TC’s vortex during landfall played another role in Zhejiang’s heavy rainfall. On the one hand, the terrain led to the development of low-level vertical circulation, resulting in convergence and updraft in the windward side of Siming Mountain; on the other hand, the terrain also provided for the vertical transport of water vapor. The main factors for the extreme precipitation in Jiangsu were the long continuation of low-level jets that caused persistent low-level convergence and the development of a mesoscale rainband. The convergence zone was located in the western front and evolved with the changing of the jets. The high-energy/high-humidity conditions and their consistency with the location of the convergence provided favorable conditions for the triggering and development of convection.
Highlights
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most severe weather systems affecting China.They have always been a great threat to human lives and properties
Under favorable environmental conditions, TCs can maintain their strength after landfall, resulting in continuous heavy precipitation [8,9]
To explore the reasons for the long continuation of TC circulation and the key influencing factors of extreme precipitation in different regions, this paper focuses on the diagnosis of the moving speed and energy budget of In-Fa, as well as on the dynamic and thermal conditions of continuous heavy precipitation in Zhejiang and Jiangsu
Summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most severe weather systems affecting China. They have always been a great threat to human lives and properties. The generation of In-Fa’s extreme precipitation may have been related to the longtime impact of the TC’s circulation, but for different specific regions, the dynamic and thermal conditions and underlying surface effects will be different. To explore the reasons for the long continuation of TC circulation and the key influencing factors of extreme precipitation in different regions, this paper focuses on the diagnosis of the moving speed and energy budget of In-Fa, as well as on the dynamic and thermal conditions of continuous heavy precipitation in Zhejiang and Jiangsu. This paper’s research will improve the understanding of extreme-precipitation TCs to some extent; through the identification of the large-scale circulation characteristics of TCs with sustained impact, and the evaluation of favorable dynamic and thermal conditions, the ability to analyze and predict persistent. (ERA5), with temporal and spatial resolutions of 1 h and 0.25◦ × 0.25◦ , respectively, was used in the diagnostic analysis of the large-scale circulation, dynamic forcing and thermal conditions
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