Characteristics and bioactive properties of agro-waste and yeast derived manno-oligosaccharides

Abstract

Globally, agro-waste and spent yeast are important environmental concerns. However, these wastes help produce bioactive mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) to prevent or control several diseases. The mainstay of MOS intervention in biological properties has been interaction with body cells to induce immunity, influence enzyme activity, reduce oxidation, and modulation the microbiota. MOS occurred as alpha (α)- and beta (β)-MOS based on the glycosidic linkage present in the parent mannan polymer. Hydrolysis of α-(1 → 6) present in the mannan of yeast cell wall produces α-MOS, whereas plant mannans linked by β-(1 → 4)-glycosidic bonds breakdown to release, mainly β-MOS. MOS, unlike FOS, is derived from mannan and does not compete with food. The use of Yeast-MOS in poultry farming, aquaculture, and pigs has presented a variety of usefulness. Yeast MOS improve animal performance by various mechanisms such as reducing harmful bacteria while boosting helpful bacteria, raising villus height while decreasing crypt depth, and altering immunological response, similar to MOS produced from agro-wastes. Meanwhile, there have been few investigations on the effect of these MOS in humans, indicating the need for further research. A comparative understanding of the structural and biological properties of yeast and plant-derived MOS is thus essential. This paper summarized the most recent literature on the structural characteristics and health benefits of MOS generated from agro-wastes (palm kernel cake and copra meal) and yeast in comparison to other prebiotic oligosaccharides. Also discussed was the notion of MOS's potential postbiotic effects.