Abstract
Simple SummaryBladder cancer (BC) in dogs is often lethal at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, there is a constant need for novel research on improvements of its characterization and treatment. Due to high cost and limited number of available dog patients, in vitro models of canine BC have been increasingly used for the last 25 years. In the present article, we present existing in vitro models of canine BC, including available simple (two-dimensional) and more complex (three-dimensional) models.Bladder cancer (BC) constitutes approximately 2% of all spontaneously occurring cancers in dogs. It is characterized by a devastating clinical course in most cases, which emphasizes a constant need for the development of novel methods of disease characterization and treatment. Over the past years, advances in cell engineering have resulted in the development of various canine in vitro models of BC, emerging as complements for in vivo research. In this article, we aimed to review the available data on existing in vitro models of canine BC, focusing primarily on their characteristics, applications in veterinary medicine, as well as advantages and disadvantages. The most commonly used in vitro models of canine BC comprise immortalized cell lines grown as adherent monolayers. They provide an unlimited supply of research material, however, they do not faithfully reflect the conditions prevailing in vivo, since the spatial cellular interactions are lost. The importance of the three-dimensional (3D) features of solid tumors in relation to carcinogenesis or drug response process has resulted in the development of the first canine 3D models of BC available for in vitro research. So far, results obtained with in vitro and in vivo research should be interpreted together. With the constantly growing complexity of in vitro models of BC cancer, animal-based research might be reduced in the future.
Highlights
Most canine Bladder cancer (BC) are characterized by adverse histopathological features at the time of diagnosis, such as muscle infiltration and high cellular grade [1,2,3]
Canine BC cells were resistant to both drugs
2D cell lines do not faithfully reflect the conditions prevailing in vivo since proper tissue structure and interactions with tumor microenvironment (TME), extracellular matrix (ECM), and host immune cells (ICs) are lost [30]
Summary
Bladder cancer (BC) constitutes approximately 2% of all spontaneously occurring cancers in dogs [1]. With estimates that 4–6 million pet dogs develop cancer in the United. States annually, this equates to more than 60,000 cases of BC in dogs each year [2]. More than 95% of canine BCs are urothelial carcinomas (UCs), known as transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). Most canine BCs are characterized by adverse histopathological features at the time of diagnosis, such as muscle infiltration and high cellular grade [1,2,3]
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