Abstract
In this report, based on [1], we study analytically small perturbations of classically stable Q-balls in 3+1 dimensions. Models with flat and polynomial potentials are considered. We find that large Q-balls in the model with the flat potential possess soft modes. We also find a specific mode for Q-balls near the stability bound, which is related to the decay mode of Q-clouds. For these modes, the perturbation theory is applicable with respect to the relative frequency of an excitation.
Highlights
Q-balls are non-topological solitons arising in complex scalar field theories with the global U(1)-invariance [2, 3].1 During the years of studies, they found numerous applications in different branches of modern physics
In this report we presented the results of the analytical studies of the linear perturbations of Q-balls in theories with the flat and polynomial potentials
We found that in the flat potential the spectra of large Q-balls contain an amount of soft modes
Summary
Q-balls are non-topological solitons arising in complex scalar field theories with the global U(1)-invariance [2, 3].1 During the years of studies, they found numerous applications in different branches of modern physics. The existence of Q-balls is discussed, e.g., in condensed matter physics [11]. Q-balls are localized stationary solutions of classical equations of motion in a theory with the. The existence condition for Q-balls is derived, e.g., by the means of the analogy between the equation for the Q-ball profile f and Newton’s equation for the particle of unit mass moving in the potential 1/2(ω2 x2 − V(x)). It reads as follows [3], min φ0. Provided that the inequality ωmin < m holds for the potential V
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