Abstract
Vascular disease poses a major public health problem worldwide. Trigonelline isolated from Raphanus sativus cv. Sakurajima Daikon (Sakurajima radish) induces nitric oxide production from vascular endothelial cells and enhances vascular function. Here, we investigated the characteristics of trigonelline and its effects on endothelial function after consumption of Sakurajima radish by humans. Our results show that Sakurajima radish contains approximately 60 times more trigonelline than other radishes and squashes. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between varieties of Sakurajima radish, suggesting that any type of Sakurajima radish can be ingested for trigonelline supplementation. The effects of cooking and processing Sakurajima radish were also evaluated, as were the effects of freezing, and changes in osmotic pressure and pH. A first-in-human trial using Sakurajima radish showed that ingestion of 170 g/day of Sakurajima radish for ten days increased blood trigonelline concentrations and significantly improved flow-mediated dilation, which is a measure of vascular endothelial function. Overall, our findings suggest that the trigonelline contained in Sakurajima radish may contribute to improved human vascular endothelial function. Hence, Sakurajima radish may enhance vascular endothelial function as a functional food.
Highlights
Cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke, and heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, are the leading causes of death worldwide
The source of coffee that is often consumed does not originate from coffee cherry, but rather the seeds obtained by removing fermentable skin and pulp from coffee cherry
The amount of trigonelline consumed from Sakurajima radish is overwhelmingly high
Summary
Cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke, and heart diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, are the leading causes of death worldwide. Bioregulatory functions trigonelline, including improved hypertension, Daikon The bioregulatory high germination rate cultivated in Kagoshima Prefecture; the ‘Native farm species’, which is a larger functions of trigonelline, including hypertension, diabetes, and central nervous system variety with a germination rateimproved of approximately. 75% [11,12]; and ‘Others’, which represents other disease, varieties have been reported the effects of Sakurajima radish on human endothelial function obtained from[9,10], the markets. Different varieties of Sakurajima radish were obtained, including ‘Sakurajima Ogojo’, an F1 variety with lower occurrence of hollow cavity and pores; ‘Native farm species’, are the largest varieties and have been inherited for many years; and ‘Others’ which represented a mixture that do not classified other varieties.
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