Abstract
Climate change extreme events have consequential impacts that influence the responses of vegetation dynamics as well as ecosystem functioning and sustainable human well-being. Therefore, vegetation response to climate change (VRCC) needs to be explored to foster specific-organised management programmes towards ecological conservation and targeted restoration policy to various climate extreme threats. This review aimed to explore the existing literature to characterise VRCC and to identify solutions and techniques fundamental in designing strategies for targeted effective adaptation and mitigation to achieve sustainable planning outcomes. Accordingly, this review emphasised recent theoretical and practical research on the vegetation-climate responses and their related impacts in the wake of climate change and its debilitating impacts on vegetation. Consequently, this study proposes the Information-based model (IBM), needed to examine Factors–forms of Impacts–Solutions (Techniques)–Risks assessment to identify and provide insights about VRCC in a given region. In conclusion, two enablers of adaptive indicators and the novel systems-based serve as a key policy formulation for sustainability in strengthening the goals of global involvement of local and sub-national governments and institutions in the effective management of vegetation and ecosystem protection.
Highlights
IntroductionClimate extremes and their impacts on vegetation dynamics have been of great concern to the ecosystem and environmental conservation and the policy-decision makers [1,2]
The effort to integrate the two enablers of adaptive indicators and the novel systemsbased approach in practice is crucial, especially where resilience and recovery are related to these terms considering their integration into vegetation dynamics and its response to climate change
Vegetation dynamics and its response to climate change have a wide range of cross-cutting issues and common goals; the first considered issues on climate-related impacts through drivers of vegetation dynamics observation that affects the response of the ecosystem dynamics to extreme climate conditions
Summary
Climate extremes and their impacts on vegetation dynamics have been of great concern to the ecosystem and environmental conservation and the policy-decision makers [1,2]. Vegetation dynamics are influenced by several factors including climate change, environmental and climatic components among others [7]. These can expend considerable impact on the water balance by evapotranspiration, interception and development strategy [8] which has the potential to lead to vegetation degradation in a wide variety of ecosystems and biodiversity [9]. Vegetation response to precipitation across the aridity gradient of the Southwestern
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