Abstract
Elderflowers are a well-known source of bioactive compounds. The amount of isolated bioactive compounds may be increased by applying various abiotic and biotic factors. Gaseous ozone (10 and 100 ppm) was used in the process of preparing flowers. Next, the flowers were treated with sugar syrup to extract bioactive compounds. It was shown that this treatment, including the influence of extraction temperature, significantly affects the contents of polyphenols (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) methods) and vitamin C, as well as the antioxidant potential (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC method)), the profile of volatile substances (head space–solid-phase microextraction (HS–SPME methods)) and the colour of the syrup (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* methods). The findings show that an increased dose of ozone and higher extraction temperature applied in the process of syrup production resulted in higher contents and different compositions of bioactive compounds. The highest contents of bioactive compounds were identified in syrup obtained from raw material treated with ozone for 15 min (concentration = 10 ppm) and extraction with sugar syrup at a temperature of 60 °C.
Highlights
Black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) is a deciduous shrub, the parts of which, i.e., leaves, berries, flowerheads, roots and shoots, as well as bark, are used for culinary and medicinal purposes [1]
By applying ozone treatment, it is possible to affect the contents of selected bioactive compounds in the material, in particular polyphenols and vitamin C, as well as antioxidant potential [27,31]
Components pass into syrup through extraction, and this way, they affect the profile of bioactive compounds
Summary
Black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) is a deciduous shrub, the parts of which, i.e., leaves, berries, flowerheads, roots and shoots, as well as bark, are used for culinary and medicinal purposes [1]. Products obtained from black elder may be harmful to people [16] because of sambunigrin, which is a cyanogenic glycoside, present in the fruit and flowers [10,17,18] It was shown, that thermal processing leads to a decrease in the contents of cyanogenic glycosides, including sambunigrin, which improves the safety of products intended for consumption. Controlled use of various biotic and abiotic factors (so-called stress factors) elicits a physiological response in the plant, which leads to the synthesis of increased amounts of some metabolites [26], which are frequently produced at a time of stress, as part of a defence system, e.g., antioxidants Such factors include gaseous ozone, which has been shown to modify the quality of raw plant materials [27,28]. It has been hypothesised that ozone gas induces an increase in the content of bioactive compounds in the ozonated raw material, which will affect the quality of the sugar syrup produced from them
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