Abstract
Cold bitumen emulsion mixture (CBEM) is not yet widely used as a surface course around the world. In this study, 0/14-mm-size dense-graded surface course CBEMs have been investigated. The mechanical performance was evaluated in terms of stiffness modulus over 3 months and resistance to permanent deformation under three different stress levels (100, 200, 300 kPa), whilst durability evaluation was carried out in terms of resistance to moisture and frost damage. The study has also investigated the incorporation of low cement content (1%) with relatively sustainable by-product fillers, namely ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) type 450-S on both mechanical and durability performance. A comparison has been carried out between the low and high cement content CBEM, as well as with respect to corresponding hot mix asphalt (HMA). The results revealed that the incorporation of GGBS and FA in CBEMs leads to superior performance, similar to CBEMs treated with high cement content and comparable to an equivalent HMA. Furthermore, GGBS replacement exhibited better performance than that of FA replacement. The findings suggest that the new sustainable types of CBEM can be developed for using as a surface layer for medium- to heavy-trafficked roads.
Highlights
Addiction and substance dependency is a complex and significant issue facing the UK, with over a quarter of a million adults in contact with drugs and alcohol services (Public Health England, 2019)
This study presents a hermeneutic single-case efficacy design (HSCED): a mixed methods case study exploring possible links between therapeutic processes and outcomes while evaluating possible non-therapy explanations for change (Elliot, 2015)
Bruce reported engaging in low-intensity Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and despite Bruce saying this was “somewhat helpful”, Bruce still felt he was dependant on substances to cope
Summary
Addiction and substance dependency is a complex and significant issue facing the UK, with over a quarter of a million adults in contact with drugs and alcohol services (Public Health England, 2019). Individuals who use substances and have common mental health problems are often excluded from primary care services due to substance dependency (Public Health England [PHE], 2017), despite contrary NICE guidance (NICE, 2007a). Once emotional regulation and avoidance are addressed via psychological therapy, substance use and mental health conditions improve (Bahrami & Asghari, 2017; Conklin et al, 2015; Twohig et al, 2007). This suggests that without addressing emotional regulation, individuals will continue to use substances even if biological components are managed. Maintenance therapies are considered “successful” due to their association with reduced illicit drug use (Sees et al, 2000)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
