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Abstract
The authors report an approach to characterise the radiofrequency (RF)-response and bandwidth of photonic modulators by measuring their modulation sidebands in the optical domain. After taking into account the RF-response measured independently for photodetectors, they demonstrated excellent agreement with swept-frequency measurements over a broad frequency range of ∼6 to 40 GHz. They also evaluated the dynamic half-wave voltage (Vπ) of a Mach–Zehnder (MZ) LiNbO3 modulator by modelling and measuring the asymmetry of its RF-drive on the two MZ arms. Since there are no RF-bandwidth constraints in the authors’ reported approach, the technique can be extended to measure the RF-response of optical modulators at frequencies beyond those supported by microwave instrumentation such as network analysers.
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