Characterisation of Gaina cocoon foam: A promising and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic materials

Abstract

Increasing demand for polymeric foams, usually made of petroleum-based polymers, has raised concern about solid waste and its environmental impact, forcing scientists and researchers to find some biodegradable alternatives. However, these alternatives have limitations such as high density, more handling and processing costs, water and humidity-based degradation in cell structure, and inability to perform at elevated temperatures. This study discovers and examines a naturally occurring cellular material, the ‘Gaina’ cocoon, which is readily accessible in Uttarakhand hills and is inexpensive and biodegradable. Giana cocoon was found to have a density of 0.064 g/cc, which is lower than other natural biodegradable materials and very close to that of manufactured PLA foam. The morphological analysis revealed that the material has a cellular structure with irregularly shaped and sized cells. It has a semi-crystalline structure and is composed chiefly of carbon. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy showed that the Gaina cocoon foam has carbon and hydrogen as prime and major contributors. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed various functional groups inside the cocoon, which will help understand its bonding with various matrices or materials. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) peak at 145°C was the largest (from 100°C to 181°C), showing a maximum heat transfer of about 278.325 J/g. The material is also thermally stable up to 260°C and has a lower density than other biodegradable foams on the market. Overall, these discoveries provide light on the features of this natural cellular material, which has potential uses in various industries, like packaging, insulation, and building.