Abstract
Background and aimsMacrophages play important roles in adipose tissue inflammation and its consequences. Unfortunately, a detailed description of the macrophage phenotypes in different human adipose tissues is not available.Subjects and methodsSubcutaneous, visceral and perivascular adipose tissues were obtained from 52 living kidney donors during live donor nephrectomy. Stromal vascular fractions were isolated, and the macrophage phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry using surface markers (CD14, CD16, CD36, and CD163).ResultsIn addition to CD16 positivity, pro-inflammatory macrophages also display high scavenger receptor CD36 expression. The great majority of CD16 negative macrophages express the anti-inflammatory CD163 marker. The presence of pro-inflammatory macrophages was almost twice as high in visceral (p < 0.0001) and perivascular (p < 0.0001) adipose tissues than in subcutaneous tissue. This difference was substantially more pronounced in the postmenopausal women subgroup, consequentlly, the total difference was driven by this subgroup.ConclusionWe obtained detailed information about M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes in human adipose tissue. The visceral and perivascular adipose tissues had substantially higher pro-inflammatory characteristics than the subcutaneous tissue. The higher proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the visceral adipose tissue of postmenopausal women might be related to an increased cardiovascular risk.
Highlights
Background and aimsMacrophages play important roles in adipose tissue inflammation and its consequences
Macrophage markers Based on data from the literature [18, 20, 22,23,24] and our recent results [25], we suggest that macrophages with high phagocytic activity characterized by CD16
No differences in non-HDL cholesterol values were found in the men compared to the women, with higher non-HDL cholesterol concentration in the women of postmenopausal age than in the women of premenopausal age (p < 0.02)
Summary
Macrophages play important roles in adipose tissue inflammation and its consequences. A detailed description of the macrophage phenotypes in different human adipose tissues is not available. Interest in the field of adipose tissue biology has been increasing. There is considerable evidence from animal and human experiments that obese adipose tissue is markedly infiltrated by macrophages [4,5,6,7]. Kralova Lesna et al J Transl Med (2016) 14:208 and phenotypic changes in adipose tissue macrophages (ATM); these cells appear to be at the center of obesityrelated inflammation [8]. Macrophage infiltration and pro-inflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue together with the increase in subclinical inflammatory markers precede the metabolic consequences [5]. Macrophages may be important players in the initiation of insulin resistance. Macrophage turnover in tissues is the result of several biological processes, including recruitment, local proliferation, apoptosis, and macrophage egress [10, 11]
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