Chapter Three - Mechano Heterocyclic Chemistry: Grinding and Ball Mills

Effect of particle size on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.)Vahl leaf powders

Requirements for estimating the volume of rocks and balls in a grinding mill

The Ranowangko River passes through Tomohon City and Minahasa Regency, ending in the Sulawesi Sea. Tombariri District, is the Bunaken National Park area. Ranowangko River Water Monitoring in 2022 by the Regional Environmental Service of North Sulawesi Province shows that Fecal Coli and Total Coli parameters in the Ranowangko River at Station 1 do not meet the requirements according to Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 concerning Class 2 National Water Quality Standards (BMA). Research to assess water quality from biological, physical and chemical aspects as well as determine water quality status. Monitoring was carried out 4 times in 2 consecutive years at 3 observation stations. Quantitative data and qualitative data include water quality analysis through determination of 14 parameters compared according to BMA Class 2. The water quality data was analyzed using the Storet Method to determine water quality status in accordance with Minister of Environment Decree Number 115 of 2003. The results showed Fecal Coli and Total Coli (Biological Aspects), TSS (Physical Aspects), Total Phosphate (Chemical Aspects) exceeded the BMA. Score calculation results using the Storet method at Station 1: -68, Station 2: -72 and Station 3: -76. Based on the value system According to Minister of Environment Decree 115 of 2003, the score above shows that the Water Quality Status of the Ranowangko River is heavily polluted. Recommendations to the regional governments of Tomohon City and Minahasa Regency to carry out further monitoring of the water quality of the Ranowangko River.

The effect of grinding mechanism on the preg-robbing of gold onto quartz

The mechanochemical synthesis of cocrystals has been introduced as a promising approach of formulating poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In this study, hot-melt extrusion (HME) as a continuous process and grinding and ball milling as batch processes were employed to explore the feasibility of cocrystallization. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and isonicotinic acid (INCA) were selected as the model API and coformer. CIP–INCA cocrystal was produced in all techniques. It was revealed that higher cocrystal content could be achieved at longer durations of grinding and ball milling. However, milling for more than 10 min led to increased co-amorphous content instead of cocrystal. A design of experiment (DoE) approach was used for deciphering the complex correlation of screw configuration, screw speed, and temperature as HME process parameters and their respective effect on final relative cocrystal yield. Statistical analysis showed that screw configuration, temperature, and their interaction were the most critical factors affecting cocrystallization. Interestingly, screw speed had minimal impact on the relative cocrystallization yield. Cocrystallization led to increased dissolution rate of CIP in phosphate buffer up to 2.5-fold. Overall, this study shed a light on the potential of mechanochemical synthesis techniques with special focus on HME as a continuous process for producing cocrystals.

Introduction : The Covid-19 pandemic is a big challenge in the world of health, including nursing. Nurses are the main stronghold in patient care because nurses meet patients more frequently and longer than other medical personnel. The use of PPE is urgently needed in treating patients with Covid-19, the impact of using PPE cannot be avoided and can affect nurses, feelings of discomfort and poor physical condition can result in a decrease in both physical and psychological health.
 Purpose: This article review aims to determine the impact of using PPE on nurses' physical and psychological health during a pandemic.
 Method: This article was reviewed by identifying articles in the last 5 years with the theme of the effect of the use of PPE on the physiology and psychology of nurses during a pandemic with the original article inclusion criteria.
 Results: This article review collects articles from Google Scholar and ScienceDirect keywords used PPE, covid19, nurse, physical aspect, and biological aspect. The results of the identification resulted in 15 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
 Conclusion: PPE has an impact on the physical aspects, namely respiratory disorders and fatigue. Influences on the psychological aspects are stress, depression, and anxiety. Nurses must have physical and mental health preparations to face various challenges in patient care processes and procedures during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the grindability of solid fossil fuels from a thermal power plant by using a vertical stirred mill and conventional ball mill. The solid fossil fuel sample was obtained from the Zonguldak Catalagzi thermal power plant in Turkey. The sample below 3350 μm (d80 = 2100 μm) was ground in the laboratory scale stirred mill and ball mill. The d80 sizes of the products at the end of grinding periods of 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 4 min in the stirred mill were determined as 190, 102, 78 and 28 μm, respectively. For this purpose, the stirred mill was used at a stirring speed of 360 rpm and with a 6 mm diameter ball. In the ball mill, the d80 sizes of product after 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 min of grinding were determined as 1802, 1130, 324, 167 and 81 μm, respectively. The results indicated that grinding by means of a stirred mill was much more efficient than grinding with a ball mill in terms of size distribution of the products. The energy consumption of the product with d80 = 78 μm was obtained as 10.53 kWh/t after 1 min of grinding time in the laboratory scale stirred mill. In the same manner, the energy consumption of product with d80 = 81 μm by using the laboratory scale ball mill was 72.73 kWh/t after 24 min of grinding. It can be clearly seen that the d80 size of the fossil fuel reduced from 2100 μm to 1130 μm after a 4 min grinding period in the ball mill grinding tests. However, the d80 size of the solid fossil fuel reduced to 28 μm after the same grinding time in the stirred mill and it was also possible to efficiently obtain size reduction below 100 μm. However, the ball mill grinding process cannot provide this efficient size reduction for longer grinding times. The ball mill grinding experimental results and simulation results showed that they were fairly consistent with each other. The simulation of higher speed mills such as pin type stirrers has been extensively investigated for relatively small‐scale applications by JKSimMet. In this study, the JKSimMet software package was adapted for a stirred mill with the help of the base model of ball milling.

Open versus Interpenetrated: Switchable Supramolecular Trajectories in Mechanosynthesis of a Halogen-Bonded Borromean Network

It has been realized that various chemical reactions are accelerated under irradiation of MW. Such Microwave chemistry is known as time-saving, clear and eco-friendly. MW ovens are world-wide domestic tools for cooking which can serve meals quickly. Regardless of its convenience, few understand the essential mechanism of MW ovens. For better understanding of MW chemistry, authors think it is necessary for to introduce elementary knowledge by holding a 1-day program of experiments by using microwave (MW) ovens.“Science with microwave oven”, 1-day program which we developed and named “Hirameki Tokimeki Science” was supported by Japan Society for the promotion of Science, has been performed over four years.More than 100 students of elementary and junior-high school have joined the program.Here we report the program, response from students.Program of experiments: “1: Dyeing handkerchief with onion peer (*1), 2: Cooking of pizza quickly yeast-leavened, 3: Preparation of shining slime with fluorescein dye synthesized in nonsolvent reaction. 4. Plasma in MW oven (*2), etc.”Students realized how MW accelerated chemical reactions and that dyeing under MW was faster and more fixed compared with the conventional methods. Besides, they could enjoy lunch with pizza and dealing with the slime, both they made. They had a good time with a bit of scientific knowledge. Through 1-day program, we can make science more familiar with students, and it will cause young students to become more interested in science, lead them to future research workers.In addition to the “Hirameki Tokimeki (Inspiration and Spark) Program, we have doneVolunteer activities at Ishinomaki, one of the most damaged cities at the Higashi Nihon Big Earthquake, in 2011.“Science with microwave oven” program surely gives students mysterious interest anddream for Science. That is “Inspire and Spark!” (*1) (*2)

Application of zero valent iron nanoparticles is an innovative technology for ground water treatment and soil remediation. There are several methods to synthesise nano scale zero valent iron (nZVI), namely through bottom-up methods which consists on chemical reactions using strong reducing agents. In this work, the environmental impacts and costs were determined for two methods, namely the traditional one that uses sodium borohydride and the green method that uses extracts obtained from natural products. The consideration of environment and economic aspects in the earlier stages of the synthesis processes and in the development of new materials is of great importance since it can help to decide if alternative methods are promising and should be further developed aiming more sustainable processes. In this work, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used as an ecodesign strategy evaluating environmental performance of the two synthesis methods, identifying critical stages of the synthesis processes of nZVI. An economic evaluation and a sensitivity analysis considering a different scenario for electricity production were also performed. The results obtained in this study showed that the green synthesis method presents lower environmental impacts than the traditional one, roughly 50% lower in the first scenario. In the second scenario, environmental impact of green synthesis corresponds to 38% of the environmental impact of traditional synthesis. In the green method, the critical stage is the extraction process which is closely related to the electricity production. In the traditional method, the reactant use is the critical stage that is related to the production of sodium borohydride. The economic evaluation indicated that the traditional synthesis method is much more expensive than the green synthesis (roughly eight times higher). From the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the green synthesis method presents lower environmental impacts in both scenarios and lower costs than the traditional synthesis.

The applicability of different solvent-free approaches leading to the amorphization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was tested. Ethenzamide (ET), an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, and two ethenzamide cocrystals with glutaric acid (GLU) and ethyl malonic acid (EMA) as coformers were used as pharmaceutical models. Calcinated and thermally untreated silica gel was applied as an amorphous reagent. Three methods were used to prepare the samples: manual physical mixing, melting, and grinding in a ball mill. The ET:GLU and ET:EMA cocrystals forming low-melting eutectic phases were selected as the best candidates for testing amorphization by thermal treatment. The progress and degree of amorphousness were determined using instrumental techniques: solid-state NMR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. In each case, the API amorphization was complete and the process was irreversible. A comparative analysis of the dissolution profiles showed that the dissolution kinetics for each sample are significantly different. The nature and mechanism of this distinction are discussed.

This paper describes a method of analyzing an operating grinding mill through thermo-graphic imaging. Using highly sensitive imaging devices in conjunction with a rapid data collection program, relative amounts of energy introduced into the grinding elements or lost in the form of heat through the surface of the equipment can be determined. Thermo-graphic measurements performed on operating ball mills mirror increasing or decreasing grinding associated with linear samples taken from the interior of a crash stopped mill. This measurement method has been used to locate areas on operating mills where liners are subject to high wear due to an increased degree of metal-to-metal contact inferred by higher temperature readings than surrounding areas on the shell. The path of the grinding media against mill headliners is indicated by higher temperatures giving a true picture of how far grinding media is distributed along the circumferential path on the shell of a ball mill. The flow path of material along the length of a ball mill shell can also be determined. Where material is flowing faster through the mill, or along the mill shell, metal-to-metal contact increases. In one case, the flow rate increase was due to worn discharge grates, giving a warning as these wearing parts reached the end of their useful lifetime. Introduction: This paper describes a direct relation between mill grinding efficiency and the various temperature profiles measured on an operating rotary ball mill. The authors' backgrounds in infrared imagery and grinding mill operations led early discussions. These discussions led to the discovery of the relationship between heat loss and grinding mill performance and overall system health. Data was collected for this study over many years on many different grinding circuits for cement, slag, and even gold ore. Still more data is required to fully quantify and calibrate the results. The history of this study begins with frustration over the limitations of the current accepted grinding mill monitoring technology - sonic sensors, which simply infer the fill levels of a mill compartment. The limitations and inherent fragile nature of these sensors led to looking for a better monitoring method. Even the very early data collection showed what is possible to learn from shell temperatures. By turning on the infrared cameras, even more information on the mill's operation became apparent. This discussion will focus on the qualitative comparisons associating shell temperatures to grinding efficiency and product Blaine instead of attempting mathematical modeling at this time.

Cocrystals, Salts, and Salt-Solvates of olanzapine; selection of coformers and improved solubility

Comminution and amorphisation of Diaqua-bis(Omeprazolate)-Magnesium Dihydrate: An analysis of the energies involved

Europe, as well as the other continents, is characterized by the presence of both natural lakes and reservoirs. The first scientific approach on lakes dealt with the biological and chemical aspects, in order to face the eutrophication problem; at the same time, physical aspects, such as mixing and stratification dynamics, started to be considered. It was only several years later that chemical, physical, biological and hydro-morphological aspects were considered all together, when researchers focused on the whole ecosystem. In fact, methods are aimed at evaluating the hydro-morphological quality through the use of indexes and related to biological quality have been defined only after WFD 2000/60. Before, only some Member States have developed studies and assessment methods based on single morphological or hydrological features. In this study, we will describe the change in the focus of research studies on lakes, considering in particular the development of methods for the evaluation of the hydro-morphological features in the European countries. In addition, we want to contribute to introduce different approaches on the same topic highlighting the strengths, the weaknesses and the shortcomings of each one. A summary of the main hydro-morphological features, typology of survey and feasibility on lakes is also presented. The new knowledge on hydro-morphology aspects and pressure on ecosystem will be useful to develop new studies and research to improve ecosystem and environmental quality.