Abstract
As tensions between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans mounted, Martin Luther was forced by circumstances to address questions that arose concerning the right (Christian) response to the politico-military threat of the Turks. The idea that Germans needed to rout out their own infidelity and shake off the tyranny of the papacy before they addressed the Turkish threat was also expressed in Luther's other early pastoral writings. Luther's writings from the beginning until the end of his career are laced with apocalyptic overtones and eschatological fervour. The apocalyptic battle between God and Satan manifested physically in the assaults of the kingdoms of Muḥammad and the pope against the kingdom of Christ raised some very real practical concerns for Luther. Luther's arguments were all meant to serve his Christian readers in their defence of Christianity either in their own mind or, perhaps, in an Islamic context.Keywords: apocalyptic battle; Christianity; Germans; Martin Luther; Muḥammad; Ottomans; Turks
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