Abstract
This chapter examines the transformation of hua-yi discourse and the rise of racial discourse in nineteenth century China through the lens of the Qing literati's utopian longings and utopian statecraft. The evolution of hua-yi binary in the nineteenth century and its transition into modern racial discourse at the turn of the twentieth century reflect a China that was looking inward for change and seeking outward for clarification and categorization. The chapter also examines the volatility of hua-yi discourse during the Qing dynasty, when the boundaries of the hua-yi divide were challenged from both the inside and the outside. Consequently, the Chinese literati's diverse views of hua-yi undertook a different transformation. Li Ruzhen's literary utopian garden in Jinghua yuan is both a tribute to Cao Xueqin's feminized Grand View Garden and to the literati garden culture of his time. Keywords:Chinese literati's Utopian visions; hua-yi ; Jinghua yuan; Qing dynasty; racial discourse
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