Chapter Six Situational Perceptions of Control in the Aged

Abstract

Abstract Control is an issue of importance throughout the life span. Generalized perceptions of having control have been associated with such positive outcomes as greater life satisfaction and increased physical and psychological well-being. A number of studies suggest these generalized expectancies do not significantly decrease with age. However, individuals also form perceptions of their degree of control in specific situations based on their personal abilities, the resources available to them from the environment, and the demands of the situation. Situational perceptions of control are subject to modification as abilities, resources, and demands fluctuate. The aged are particularly susceptible to decreases in situational perceptions of control. Two primary factors are the real changes associated with aging, so-called status passages, and the cultural youth bias and dread of aging so pervasive in this society. Status passages occur throughout life, but such passages are frequently terminal events for the aged including deterioration of health, retirement, and loss of significant others. Cultural biases are based on negative images of aging as a time of nonproductivity, decreased social worth and decline. A conceptual framework based on the theory of person-environment fit is utilized for examining situational perceptions of control in the aged. Person-environment fit is defined as a relational concept derived from the interactions of environmental properties and individual characteristics. It is argued that the individual is more likely to experience positive consequences when his/her abilities are consistent with environmental demands and when his/her needs are consistent with environmental supplies. A high degree of congruence would be associated with feelings of being in control and well-being, and over time, with health, adaptive behavior and growth. If misfit should occur to a sufficient degree, feelings of lack of control, helplessness and dissatisfaction may develop immediately. If the discrepancy persists over time, dysfunction, maladaptive behavior, or illness may result. Dimensions of congruence which are particularly salient to the aged are discussed and approaches to intervention consistent with the conceptual framework are presented.