Abstract
The early Middle Kingdom witnessed the unfolding of an aggressive ideology of domination and an ever-expanding Egypt whose ruler conquers violently all foreign lands and defends his frontiers. The territorial expansion beyond the Second Cataract and the building of a strategically coordinated chain of forts was determined by a new factor, viz., the spectacular unfolding of the power of Kerma. The Middle Kingdom names of the Nubian forts present the threatening face of a formidable conqueror. The forts were not only the places from where the land was governed: with their enormous dimensions, they also dominated the Nubian landscape and were awe-inspiring symbols of Pharaohs omnipresent supernatural power. The expansion of the occupied territory to the Semna-Kumma frontier and the completion of the fortress system were coupled with a significant change in the nature of Egypts presence in Nubia.Keywords: Kerma; Lower Nubia; Middle Kingdom Egypt; Nubian forts; Semna-Kumma frontier
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