Abstract
Publisher Summary This chapter presents some examples of polar forces interacting in the mammalian blood circulation, early examples of the treatment of non-covalent interactions in water, rules for repulsive apolar (van der Waals) forces between different polymers dissolved in an apolar liquid, the fallacy of designating only one single component to represent the polar properties of the surface tension of a polar condensed-phase material, and discusses macroscopic-scale interactions, Chaudhury's thesis and Lifshitz–van der Waals forces. The elucidation of the mechanisms of hydrophobic attraction as well as of hydrophilic repulsion of materials or molecules immersed in water has occurred only relatively recently. The mechanisms of these two phenomena are best understood by using the equation defining the free energy of interaction between two similar materials, immersed in water. Both hydrophobic attraction in water (the “hydrophobic effect”) and hydrophilic repulsion in water (“hydration pressure”) are caused by Lewis acid–base forces.
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