Abstract
Abstract In developmental toxicity, the evaluation of early biomarkers may be predictive of later developmental outcomes. Over the last few years, new models have been proposed for predicting developmental effects through the analysis of different effect biomarkers which have been supported by the need to implement the 3Rs (replacement, refinement, and reduction) during laboratory experimentation. In this regard, the use of the early life stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an accepted model for toxicological studies and an important tool in translational research. This chapter describes the most common and validated biomarkers used in biochemical and genetic approaches using this animal model and presents examples of many different types of biomarkers for many classes of toxicological compounds. Although this chapter outlines the potential of the proposed biomarkers and the early life stages of zebrafish for utilization as a part of biomonitoring systems, a number of experiments are required to examine and establish the utility of the selected biomarkers to predict the whole-organism and population-level responses.
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