Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) turbulence modeling. The momentum equations include the unknown Reynolds stresses that must be modeled. Hence we need a turbulence model. There are two main levels of turbulence models: Either we solve six transport equations for the Reynolds stresses, or we formulate a model for the Reynolds stresses including a new unknown, the turbulent viscosity. The turbulent viscosity is usually expressed in two new variables, the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation (k-eps model) or the turbulent kinetic energy and it specific dissipation (k-omega model). Exact transport equations are derived for the Reynolds stresses and the turbulent kinetic energy. Also these equations include unknown terms that must be modeled. The most important unknown term in the Reynolds stresses equation is the pressure-strain term which tries to make the turbulence isotropic. The V2F model represents a third level of turbulence models that includes four transport equations: k, eps, the wall-normal Reynolds stress, and an equation related to the pressure-strain term.
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