Abstract
This chapter focuses on reduction in adsorbable organic halides and total organic chlorides in bleach effluents that have promoted elemental chlorine-free (ECF) and totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching processes. ECF bleaching is a chlorine-free process in which no elemental (molecular) chlorine is used in the bleaching sequences. Although the term ECF does not specify it, typically, chlorine dioxide is the principal bleaching agent for these processes. Bleaching sequences that use no chlorine chemicals are termed as TCF. TCF bleaching processes significantly reduce the effluent loadings and allow total closure. ECF bleaching based on chlorine dioxide is a technology choice for sustainable pulp and paper manufacturing. Papermakers and paper users alike desire ECF's excellent product quality, resource conservation attributes, and compatibility with sustainable minimum impact manufacturing. Government organizations increasingly recognize and document ECF's proven pollution prevention record, its contribution to sustainable ecosystem recovery and its position as a core component of best available technology. Fueled by continued strong government support and proven environmental integrity, new paper mills throughout the world are incorporating ECF-based bleaching to produce quality products with sustainable manufacturing technologies.
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