Abstract
There are two classes of enzymes that regulate signaling through the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins: protein kinases and protein phosphatases. This chapter focuses on the regulation, structure, and function of the protein phosphatases. Protein phosphatases are generally divided into two main groups based on substrate specificity. Protein phosphatases (PPs) specifically hydrolyze serine/threonine phosphoesters, while protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are phosphoty-rosine specific. A subfamily of PTPs, the dual-specificity phosphatases, are capable of efficient hydrolysis of both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/threonine. Although both PPs and PTPs catalyze phosphoester hydrolysis, they employ different catalytic mechanisms.
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