Abstract
This chapter focuses on hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) which is a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. HUS is most commonly associated with bloody diarrhea caused by shiga-like toxin-producing bacteria in approximately 90% of children. HUS can result from a wide variety of disorders, such as transplantation, neuroaminadase from Streptococcal infection, cyclosporine, chemotherapy and other medications. HUS occurs in as many of 15% of children after an episode of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis caused by shiga-like toxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli (STEC) and HUS following urinary tract infection by STEC. Atypical HUS may occur secondary to infections by Streptococcus pneumoniae, genetic causes, medications and pregnancy and in associations with other disorders. A minority of atypical HUS cases are related to an autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance genetic pattern. The management of diarrhea-associated HUS is by supportive care, including dialysis and in atypical HUS, the treatment include antibiotics and supportive care.
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