Abstract
This chapter provides a general description of label switching, contrasting it with packet routing. It also discusses Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and the importance of traffic engineering (TE) in MPLS. MPLS has its roots in several IP packet switching technologies that were under development in the early- and mid-1990s. MPLS defines ways to switch data through a network by looking up a short label or tag carried in each data packet. Each node extracts the label from the packet, looks it up in a table to determine the next hop over which to send the packet, and substitutes a new label in the packet. This process does not need to be aware of the protocol contained in the packets, nor does it care about the underlying transport mechanism present on each hop—it is truly multiprotocol. In recent years, MPLS has been extended as a technique for managing networks that are not packet based. Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) is a set of protocols used to control optical and time division multiplexed networks.
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