Abstract
This chapter describes the distribution of iodine in the hydrosphere, especially seawater. It is well known that iodine, which is a micronutrient, is present mainly as iodate (IO3-) and iodide (I–) with minor dissolved (nonvolatile) organic iodine (DOI) in seawater, where the distribution varies with depth and geographical location. On the other hand, the total dissolved iodine concentration is almost constant in most stations, making the ocean a huge reservoir of iodine. The distribution of dissolved iodine species in seawater is also discussed. Iodine in seawater is evaporated into the atmosphere as volatile organic iodine, such as methyl iodide (CH3I) and methylene diiodine (CH2I2) and also molecular iodine (I2), and is transferred and deposited onto soils and into fresh water, and is then incorporated into plants and animals. The factors controlling the speciation of iodine species in seawater are presented with respect to biological and abiological processes. Iodine in seawater is also incorporated into microalgae (phytoplankton) and macroalgae (seaweed). In the future, it is likely that more information about the iodine cycle in seawater will be obtained, together with progress in iodine speciation.
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