Abstract
Heavy oil and extra heavy oil production have increased over the past four decades with the advent of new technology enabling new and more efficient recovery processes. These technologies not only include the practice of cold heavy oil production but also improve understanding of thermal recovery processes as well as new developments in air injection recovery processes. Here, we review technology requirements and developments that have enabled recovery of heavy and extra heavy oil over the past four decades. In summary, the evolution of heavy and extra heavy oil recovery processes has adapted not only to economic requirements but also to methods and operating practices that are adaptive to price uncertainties as well as the evolving requirements for cleaner, less emissive recovery processes. There may be potential for carbon-neutral heavy and extra heavy oil production methods in the future.
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