Abstract
The world’s energy system must undergo a tremendous reality in terms of energy conversion from waste materials. The biomass in the form of fire wood is the oldest form of energy used by humanity. Depending on the type of material employed, biomass can be used to generate energy by combustion or methanization which produces biogas. Biomass includes wood and agricultural crops, herbaceous and wood energy crops, municipal organic wastes as well as manure. This is augmented by other materials such as industrial waste, poultry waste, sewage sludge, and household waste, which are few examples of energy sources that can be converted into either solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels. Bioenergy accounts for roughly 10% or 50 EJ of world total primary energy supply today. The technologies like incineration, combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis are energy conversion by thermochemical route. The hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation microbial fuel cell production are coming under biochemical conversion route. The chemical conversion route includes esterification and transesterification processes. In this paper, the review of the various sources of waste materials and the technologies involved in their conversion into energy in detail are proposed.
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