Chapter 9 - Evolutionary Perspective of Tumorigenesis and Antitumor Immunity: A Comparative Approach

Abstract

This review proposes a comparative and evolutionary view of the complex interactions between the immune system and cancers. First, modern concepts of cancer immune surveillance and immunoediting, as well as evidence of malignancy and antitumor immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates are discussed. Second, the evolution of the immune system and tumor immunity is explained, followed by a brief description of immunotherapies. Finally, special focus is placed on an amphibian model, the Xenopus laevis, which represents a powerful alternative to nonmammalian animal models for not only exploring novel avenues in cancer immunotherapy but also better distinguishing species-specific specializations from more fundamental and conserved aspects of tumorigenesis and tumor immunity. Given that the immune system appears to not only control (immune surveillance) but also remodel (immunoediting) malignancies, an evolutionary perspective of the complex interactions between cancer and the host immune system may also bring useful insights into the selective pressure and conservation of antitumor immunity. In summary, a broader comparative approach could significantly improve our understanding of the coevolution or arms race between tumors and host immune systems.