Abstract
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) has very high selectivity for the surface of the sample to be analyzed and has ability to detect all the elements except hydrogen. This chapter discusses the basic principles of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X.P.S.) (or ESCA) and the precautions to be taken for spectrum interpretations. The fundamental process occurring in X.P.S. (or ESCA) is a photoelectric effect. An X.P.S. spectrum represents a number of photoejected electrons from the sample versus their kinetic energy or their binding energy. A sharp line appears for every electronic level of all the elements present in the analyzed product. X.P.S. is sensitive to all the elements with an atomic number greater than two. The exact profile of an X.P.S. line is a complicated convolution product between the natural profile of the level of interest, the resolution of the analyzing energy system, and the profile of the exciting radiation.
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