Abstract
Nanotechnology is one among the fastest emerging fields of science and engineering in which nanostructures are designed, engineered, and fabricated by manipulation of matter in the range from 1 to 100 nm. Scientists and researchers are continuously working on designing and development of micro/nano-sized materials that include nanocomposites, hybrid materials, metal–organic frameworks, doped metal oxides, nanocarbon, functionalized and surface modified nanomaterials, etc. Nanomaterials are synthesized from bulk materials that efficiently enhance and upgrade the chemical and physical properties. The chemical properties of nanomaterials depend on the composition of particles that set the potential of matter to undergo chemical reactions. These mainly include heat of combustion, oxidation, partition coefficient, molecular weight, boiling point, melting point, solubility, stability, flammability, zeta potential, corrosion, reactivity, chemical composition, radioactivity, etc. However, physical properties of nanomaterials depend on the arrangement and state of the particles and are demonstrated by particle size distribution, shape, density, viscosity, crystalline structure, odor, surface area, etc. Due to these properties nanomaterials are the potential candidates for various commercial and domestic applications such as photocatalysis, imaging, redox reaction, agricultural practices, medical diagnosis and therapy, energy-based research, biotechnology, and environmental pollution detection and management. Various techniques used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures include scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), etc. This chapter deals with the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials with a review on their synthesis and analysis method. Applications of nanomaterials in diverse areas have also been discussed in this chapter.
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