Abstract
Old and new aspects of toxicology applied to the study of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) affect on living organisms. The new fields of nanotoxicology, systems nanotoxicology, and nanotoxicogenomics are explored with particular emphasis on the new paradigms for the toxicity test for ENMs. The need to move from in vivo to in vitro study to comply with new European Union (EU) and US regulations and with the 3Rs (replace, reduce, refine) principle is discussed along with the concept of adverse outcome pathways for a mechanistic interpretation of the ENM toxicity. The chapter provides examples of new model organisms to study traditional toxicology end points as well as new strategies and new end points. Innovative approaches to nanotoxicology are explained: high-throughput screening, high-content screening, and integrated systems for alternative test strategies. Studies on the effects of ENMs compared to the parent ions and bulk materials utilizing these new test strategies are related together with the entering and trafficking mechanisms so far discovered to explain ENM toxicity within cells.
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