Chapter 8 - Thermodynamics and chemical processes

Abstract

In this study, the concern is mainly with chemical processes and chemical reaction. We start with defining the concepts for degree of advancement, the molar reaction quantities, then the molar integral reaction quantity, and standard molar differential quantity. The study also includes the molar thermodynamic quantities of mixing to form an ideal mixture and nonideal mixture, excess molar Gibbs energy, entropy, enthalpy, internal energy, and volume are presented. We explore the reaction Gibbs energy and spontaneity, general equation when reactants and products in separate phases, or in an ideal gas. Excess molar Gibbs energy, entropy, enthalpy, internal energy, and volume are discussed. We present the relations among thermodynamic equilibrium constant, free energy, and solute concentration for reaction in gas or solution, as will the relation between the pressure factor quotient and molar volume change. This study concludes with studying the effect of the temperature and solute concentration on the equilibrium constant. The chemical processes in this study take place in closed system, occur at constant temperature and pressure, and the expansion work is only kind of work.