Abstract
This chapter focuses on one technology for the operation of national state education systems—the bureaucracy. Two major features define a state educational system as national. First, it is universal, that is, found in all parts of the nation. Second, it is uniform in its organization across constituent elements of the nation. The major distinctions between state and private education systems are that the former are owned and operated in the name of all the people and groups in society, and not by and for particular individuals, groups or corporations; and state systems are designed to incorporate all persons, at least at the initial or entry levels. Therborn has identified four major technologies of state organization: seigniorial or aristocratic; bureaucratic; technocratic; and cadre. Their differences can be summarized as a function of three variables: the basis of loyalty to the ruling person or group; the basis for distinguishing between levels of authority within the organization; and the means by which leadership is actually exercised.
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