Abstract
Recent work suggests that epigenetic processes play an important role in shaping sex differences in the brain and downstream behaviors. In this chapter, we review the evidence for sex differences found across different forms of epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs) in human and rodent brains. Sex chromosome complement and gonadal hormones impact the epigenome and likely intersect to converge and diverge gene expression between males and females. We next review rodent studies that have been instrumental in testing for causal links between epigenetic processes and sexual differentiation of neural morphology, neurochemistry, and behavior, and end by pinpointing several unresolved questions and key areas of research needed to advance our future understanding of how sex influences the neural epigenome.
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