Abstract
Neel Effect appears when superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are placed in a two-frequency magnetic field. The nonlinear magnetic behavior of NPs induces frequency mixing in magnetization and magnetic flux density. The analysis of intermodulation products provides valuable information, both quantitative and qualitative, about magnetic field components and/or magnetic NPs. Neel Effect can hence be implemented either to detect, quantify, and/or characterize NPs (i.e., particle sensing), or determine an unknown magnetic field (i.e., magnetic field sensing). The response depends on NP characteristics, e.g., chemical composition, crystalline structure, anisotropy, particle size, particle interactions. Physical behavior of NPs at low magnetic field (in the kA.m−1 range) and their implementation in sensing devices are now pivotal to a wide range of research activities. Moreover, Neel Effect has recently found applications in life sciences (i.e., tomographic imaging, point-of-care medical testing) as well as in electrical engineering (i.e., contactless DC current sensing). This chapter introduces the Neel Effect theory and reviews practical achievements.
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