Abstract
Lines are classified into three types: low frequency, medium frequency, and high frequency. If a frequency is “low” or “high,” it must be so in comparison with another frequency. If the a.c. excitation of a transmission line is considered, there is no obvious frequency to use as a reference. But the periodic time of the a.c. excitation can be compared with an obvious choice of reference time: the time of wave propagation from end to end of the line. A line would be regarded as excited at a low frequency if the periodic time of the excitation is long compared with the time of wave propagation from source to load. This is equivalent to regarding a line as a “short” line if it is short in comparison with the wavelength of the excitation. Few power systems include lines of anything like this length; accordingly, the transmission of electrical energy in bulk can properly be studied as a “short-line” or “low-frequency” application of the general transmission theory.
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